{"id":1782,"date":"2026-07-31T14:05:03","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T14:05:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/?p=1782"},"modified":"2026-07-31T14:54:11","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T14:54:11","slug":"ocean-wave-energy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/?p=1782","title":{"rendered":"Ocean Wave Energy"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1782\" class=\"elementor elementor-1782\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e1822f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e1822f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4d9f97\" data-id=\"c4d9f97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f4489a elementor-widget elementor-widget-page-title\" data-id=\"7f4489a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"page-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"hfe-page-title hfe-page-title-wrapper elementor-widget-heading\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tOcean Wave Energy  \n\t\t\t<\/h2 > \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9895bec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9895bec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d1e23d\" data-id=\"6d1e23d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5cfc37 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5cfc37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff; word-spacing: normal;\">Ocean wave energy is a renewable resource that converts the motion of sea waves into electricity by means of <strong>wave energy converters<\/strong> (WECs). With one of the <strong>highest energy densities<\/strong> among renewable sources and strong <strong>complementarity with wind and solar<\/strong>, it is regarded as a promising contributor to the future energy mix, particularly for <strong>coastal and island communities<\/strong>. Unlike more mature renewables, however, the field has <em>not yet converged toward a single dominant technology<\/em>: a wide variety of device concepts is still being explored, which makes their <strong>modelling, control, and estimation<\/strong> especially open and challenging research problems.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"color: #7a7a7a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">WECs operate in a <strong>highly dynamic and uncertain environment<\/strong>, continuously excited by waves that <em>cannot be measured directly<\/em>. Extracting the maximum possible energy is <em>not<\/em> a conventional stabilisation or set-point-tracking problem: it calls for <strong>economic, energy-maximising control<\/strong> formulations, typically based on <em>predictive strategies<\/em>. These strategies deliberately push devices <em>beyond the validity range<\/em> of their simplified hydrodynamic models, so that accurate <strong>control-oriented modelling<\/strong>, <strong>real-time estimation<\/strong>, and <strong>robust autonomous operation<\/strong> become tightly coupled challenges, combining hard fundamental problems with high potential impact on the <strong>energy transition<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7dcf9f1\" data-id=\"7dcf9f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ae566 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"25ae566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;dots&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Image Carousel\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 6\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wavestar_pic-768x571.png\" alt=\"Scaled WaveStar device prototype tested in a wave basin facility.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Scaled WaveStar device prototype tested in a wave basin facility.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 6\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/point_absorber-768x525.png\" alt=\"Wave energy concepts: Heaving point absorber\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Wave energy concepts: Heaving point absorber<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 6\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/pewec-768x587.png\" alt=\"Wave energy concepts: Inertial pitching wave energy converter.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Wave energy concepts: Inertial pitching wave energy converter.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 of 6\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/pelamis-768x689.png\" alt=\"Wave energy concepts: Attenuator wave energy converter.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Wave energy concepts: Attenuator wave energy converter.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 of 6\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/owc-768x712.png\" alt=\"Wave energy concepts: Oscillating water column.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Wave energy concepts: Oscillating water column.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"6 of 6\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/flap-768x505.png\" alt=\"Wave energy concepts: Oscillating surge wave energy converter.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Wave energy concepts: Oscillating surge wave energy converter.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a8ce5d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a8ce5d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4d8fbf\" data-id=\"f4d8fbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b362d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b362d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"331\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-1024x424.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1794\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-1024x424.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-768x318.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-1536x636.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-2048x848.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_working_principle-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Wave energy conversion principle.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9c986f4\" data-id=\"9c986f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c807af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c807af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"325\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-1024x416.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1793\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-1024x416.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-768x312.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-1536x624.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-2048x832.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wec_control_working_principle-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Standard wave energy control loop.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-50cb8bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"50cb8bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c5321b\" data-id=\"2c5321b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451dca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"451dca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"color: #7a7a7a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">In the field of ocean wave energy, the SAS-Lab carries out research on the following topics:<\/span><\/span><\/p><ul style=\"color: #7a7a7a; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;\"><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Control-oriented modelling and system identification<\/strong> of wave energy systems <em>from experimental data<\/em>;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Energy-maximising control<\/strong>, including <em>model predictive control<\/em> and <em>data-driven<\/em> \/ <em>direct impedance-matching<\/em> approaches;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Development and experimental validation of WEC control solutions<\/strong>, spanning both methodological design and the <em>real-time deployment of complete control loops<\/em> (controllers, estimators, and predictors) under realistic operating conditions;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Real-time estimation<\/strong> of unmeasured wave excitation forces and hydrodynamic states (<em>unknown-input and state estimation<\/em>);<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Control co-design<\/strong>, i.e. the simultaneous optimisation of device design and control strategy;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Investigation<\/strong> and <strong>comparison<\/strong> of <strong>novel wave energy concepts<\/strong>;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Coordinated control of WEC arrays and farms<\/strong>, accounting for the hydrodynamic interactions between devices;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Characterisation of the wave resource<\/strong> from <em>sparse in-situ and satellite metocean data<\/em>;<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Integration of wave <\/strong>and<strong> offshore energy <\/strong>into<strong> coastal communities<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7cee3d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7cee3d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-84cb973\" data-id=\"84cb973\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d058849 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d058849\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3201ee5\" data-id=\"3201ee5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Turning ocean waves into electricity through autonomous energy converters<\/p>\n<p> <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/?p=1782\">Read more<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1783,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-research-topic"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1782"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1822,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1782\/revisions\/1822"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sas-lab.deib.polimi.it\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}